[370] Russia is the world's fourth-largest electricity producer,[371] and the ninth-largest renewable energy producer in 2019. [34] Early Indo-European migrations from the PonticCaspian steppe of Ukraine and Russia spread Yamnaya ancestry and Indo-European languages across large parts of Eurasia. : . [426], Moscow, the nation's cosmopolitan capital and historic core, is a bustling megacity. .: , 2003. Rus' ultimately disintegrated, with the Grand Duchy of Moscow growing to become the Tsardom of Russia. Besides Russia itself, Russian is an official language in Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan, and is used widely as a lingua franca throughout Ukraine, the Caucasus, Central Asia, and to some extent in the Baltic states. The provisions only state that "Under request of citizens the text of document compiled by state notary or person acting as a notary shall be issued on Russian and if possible on other acceptable language", The Republics of Artsakh, and Transnistria are only recognized by other, Context and the Lexicon in the Development of Russian Aspect, By Neil Bermel, p 16. Together with Ukrainian and Belarusian, the Russian language makes up the eastern branch of the Slavic family of languages. Contains many dialectal, local, and obsolete words. [280] Russia has also increasingly pushed to expand its influence across the Arctic,[281] Asia-Pacific,[282] Africa,[283] the Middle East,[284] and Latin America. Russian peasants, the great majority of the population, continued to speak in their own dialects. WebThe Russians (Russian: , romanized: russkie) are an East Slavic ethnic group native to Eastern Europe, who share a common Russian ancestry, culture, and history. BBC. [141]:295 The Soviet economy and infrastructure suffered massive devastation, which caused the Soviet famine of 19461947. Learn how and when to remove this template message, seventh-most spoken language by number of native speakers, eighth-most spoken language by total number of speakers, Geographical distribution of Russian speakers, seventh-largest in the world by number of speakers, Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities, List of official languages by institution, International Civil Aviation Organization, International Fund for Agricultural Development, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, International Organization for Standardization, Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language, Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language, Ministry of Education and Science (Russia), List of countries and territories where Russian is an official language, "The Change of the Name of the Russian Language in Russian from Rossiiskii to Russkii: Did Politics Have Anything to Do with It? [506] The large global Russian diaspora has also played a major role in spreading Russian culture throughout the world. [159], By 1991, economic and political turmoil began to boil over as the Baltic states chose to secede from the Soviet Union. [81] An estimated 200,000 people speak the Russian language in Cuba, on the account that more than 23,000 Cubans who took higher studies in the former Soviet Union and later in Russia, and another important group of people who studied at military schools and technologists, plus the nearly 2,000 Russians residing in Cuba and their descendants. [73] In 1654, the Ukrainian leader, Bohdan Khmelnytsky, offered to place Ukraine under the protection of the Russian tsar, Alexis; whose acceptance of this offer led to another Russo-Polish War. [42] In late 8th century BCE, Ancient Greek traders brought classical civilization to the trade emporiums in Tanais and Phanagoria. Bread, of many varieties,[594] is very popular across Russia. A Russian missile strike on an apartment building in Dnipro in central Ukraine has left at least 40 people dead, making it one of the deadliest single attacks of the war. As Russia's invasion of Ukraine enters its 11th month, US and Ukrainian officials tell CNN that Russia's artillery fire is down dramatically from its wartime high, in some places by as much as 75%. [69], In Kyrgyzstan, Russian is a co-official language per article 5 of the Constitution of Kyrgyzstan. The Russian alphabet consists of 33 letters. WebRussia ( Russian: , Rossiya, [rsij] ), or the Russian Federation, [c] is a transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. . . "Did you eat the cookie?) Russian emergency services told the state-run news agency Interfax that the sergeant accidentally detonated a hand grenade which caused ammunition to blow up and started a fire. Federal regions also have their own departments of health that oversee local administration. ", "Why India and Russia Are Going to Stay Friends", "Testing the world order: strategic realism in Russian foreign affairs", "Ukraine cuts diplomatic ties with Russia after invasion", "Russia and Turkey: Strategic Partners and Rivals", "Russia in the ArcticA Critical Examination", Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, "Russia Tries to Boost Asia Ties to Counter Indo-Pacific Alliances", "Russia in Africa: What's behind Moscow's push into the continent? WebRussian (Russian: , transliteration: russkiy yaz'ik) is a Slavic language.It is the main language spoken in Russia.It is also spoken by many people in other parts of the former Soviet Union, such as in Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Latvia, Lithuania, Turkmenistan and Estonia.. Russian, like other Following the Russian Civil War, the Russian SFSR established the Soviet Union (with three other Soviet republics), within which it was the largest and principal constituent. [254] The federal districts of Russia were established by Putin in 2000 to facilitate central government control of the federal subjects. So, (tsaplya, 'heron') has been recorded as (chaplya). [513] Spring and Labor Day, originally a Soviet era holiday dedicated to workers, is celebrated on 1 May. [78], The language was first introduced in North America when Russian explorers voyaged into Alaska and claimed it for Russia during the 18th century. Source: Energoatom, Ukraine's state company that runs all nuclear power plants in this country Quote: "The Russian invaders in the satellite city [355] Among Russia's 1,218 airports,[356] the busiest is Sheremetyevo International Airport in Moscow. The number of native Russian-speaking Israelis numbers around 1.5million Israelis,[74] 15% of the population. [540] In early 20th-century, Russian neoclassical revival became a trend. [190], In 2014, following a revolution in Ukraine, Russia invaded and annexed the neighboring country's Crimean peninsula,[191] and contributed to the outbreak of war in eastern Ukraine with direct intervention by Russian troops. [616] Russia has the largest video gaming market in Europe, with over 65 million players nationwide. Russian emergency services told the state-run news agency Interfax that the sergeant accidentally detonated a hand grenade which caused ammunition to blow up and started a fire. 148 (Status as of: 21/9/2011)", "National Minorities Policy of the Government of the Czech Republic", "Preedintele CCM: Constituia nu confer limbii ruse un statut deosebit de cel al altor limbi minoritare", "Russian Language Enjoying a Boost in Post-Soviet States", Constitution and Fundamental Law of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, "The World's Most Widely Spoken Languages", "Falling Sonoroty Onsets, Loanwords, and Syllable contact", "Russian Loanword Adoptation in Persian; Optimal Approach", "Russian Loanwords in Persian and Tajiki Language", "Languages, Regional Conflicts and Economic Development: Russia", " ", "Statistical Summaries. [518], There are many popular non-public holidays. [145] After becoming the world's second nuclear power,[146] the Soviet Union established the Warsaw Pact alliance,[147] and entered into a struggle for global dominance, known as the Cold War, with the rivaling United States and NATO. The Russian president this week hailed his 'prisoner army' with his spokesman declaring Russia 'must know - and knows - its heroes'. [84] Another Northern dialectal morphological feature is a post-posed definite article -to, -ta, -te similarly to that existing in Bulgarian and Macedonian. [611] Wine has become increasingly popular in Russia in the 21st century. [588] Helena Blavatsky gained international following as the leading theoretician of Theosophy, and co-founded the Theosophical Society. Besides being taught at universities and schools, there were also educational programs on the radio and TV. Once an underdeveloped, peasant society, Russia underwent an intense centrally [440] There are over 193 ethnic groups nationwide. [320], Muslims, especially Salafis, have faced persecution in Russia. During and after the disintegration of the Soviet Union, wide-ranging reforms including privatisation and market and trade liberalisation were undertaken, including radical changes along the lines of "shock therapy". The standard language is used in written and spoken form almost everywhere in the country, from Kaliningrad and Saint Petersburg in the West to Vladivostok and Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky in the East, the enormous distance between notwithstanding. [482] The Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation oversees the Russian public healthcare system, and the sector employs more than two million people. [51] The 2009 census reported that 10,309,500 people, or 84.8% of the population aged 15 and above, could read and write well in Russian, and understand the spoken language. Mike Myrianthis, a Greek oil industry veteran, believes that whoever bombed the Nord Stream 2 pipeline opened a can of worms. Its mineral and energy sources are the world's largest, and its figures for oil production and natural gas production rank high globally. As Russia's invasion of Ukraine enters its 11th month, US and Ukrainian officials tell CNN that Russia's artillery fire is down dramatically from its wartime high, in some places by as much as 75%. An East Slavic Old Novgorod dialect, although it vanished during the 15th or 16th century, is sometimes considered to have played a significant role in the formation of modern Russian. [85] In 18031806, the first Russian circumnavigation was made. [127]:9195 On 22 June 1941, Germany invaded the Soviet Union,[128] opening the Eastern Front, the largest theater of World WarII. [46] The Khazars, who were of Turkic origin, ruled the steppes between the Caucasus in the south, to the east past the Volga river basin, and west as far as Kyiv on the Dnieper river until the 10th century. [226] The coldest month is January (February on the coastline); the warmest is usually July. [32], The Kurgan hypothesis places the Volga-Dnieper region of southern Russia and Ukraine as the urheimat of the Proto-Indo-Europeans. [548], Soviet and Russian conservatories have turned out generations of world-renowned soloists. Using a formula with V standing for the nucleus (vowel) and C for each consonant, the maximal structure can be described as follows: However, Russian has a constraint on syllabification such that syllables cannot span multiple morphemes. [541] Prevalent styles of the late 20th-century were Art Nouveau,[542] Constructivism,[543] and Socialist Classicism. [192] Russia steeply escalated the war by launching a full-scale invasion of Ukraine on 24 February 2022. [545] In the 19th-century, it was defined by the tension between classical composer Mikhail Glinka along with other members of The Mighty Handful, who were later succeeded by the Belyayev circle,[546] and the Russian Musical Society led by composers Anton and Nikolay Rubinstein. [44], The inhabitants of Rus' regional centres would later evolve into modern nationalities: Belarusians in the northwest, Russians in the north and northeast, and Ukrainians in the southeast and southwest. [436] However, since 2020, due to excessive deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic, Russia's population has undergone its largest peacetime decline in history. [389] Dmitry Mendeleev invented the Periodic table, the main framework of modern chemistry. [417]:3460 During the same period, Lunokhod 1 became the first space exploration rover,[418] while Salyut1 became the world's first space station. [7] In 2009, it recorded annual population growth for the first time in fifteen years; and since the 2010s, Russia has seen increased population growth due to declining death rates, increased birth rates and increased immigration. [87] There is a high degree of mutual intelligibility between Russian, Belarusian and Ukrainian, and a moderate degree of it in all modern Slavic languages, at least at the conversational level.[88][89]. Ultimately, by the end of the 16th century, Russia expanded east of the Ural Mountains. WebRussian language, Russian Russki yazyk, principal state and cultural language of Russia. [535] The 16th-century saw the development of the unique tent-like churches; and the onion dome design, which is a distinctive feature of Russian architecture. The Russian republic was established immediately after the Russian Revolution of 1917 and became a union republic in 1922. [28] It is the world's seventh-most spoken language by number of native speakers, and the world's eighth-most spoken language by total number of speakers. ", International Institute for Strategic Studies, "Russian Military Reform and Defense Policy", "Nuclear Weapons: Who Has What at a Glance", "Trends in World Military Expenditure, 2020", Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, "Russian Arms Sales and Defense Industry", "Ukraine war: Protester exposes cracks in Kremlin's war message", "In Russia's Election, Putin's Opponents Are Seeing Double", "In Shadow of Navalny Case, What's Left of the Russian Opposition? [428] Russia is famed worldwide for its rich museums, such as the State Russian, the State Hermitage, and the Tretyakov Gallery; and for theatres such as the Bolshoi and the Mariinsky. ", "The Constitution of the Russian Federation", "Chapter 5. Saint Petersburg is Russia's cultural centre and second-largest city. Some linguists divide the dialects of Russian into two primary regional groupings, "Northern" and "Southern", with Moscow lying on the zone of transition between the two. [e][177], After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Russia assumed responsibility for settling the latter's external debts. [245][i] Ministries of the government are composed of the premier and his deputies, ministers, and selected other individuals; all are appointed by the president on the recommendation of the prime minister (whereas the appointment of the latter requires the consent of the State Duma). A large part of the population, especially the older generations, can speak Russian as a foreign language. [352] As of 2016[update], Russia has the world's fifth-largest road network, with 1.5 millionkm of roads,[353] while its road density is among the world's lowest. [51] 30% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 2% used it as the main language with family, friends, or at work. 2010 . [604] Salads include Olivier salad,[605] vinegret,[606] and dressed herring. [365][366] Russia's oil and gas production has led to deep economic relationships with the European Union, China, and former Soviet and Eastern Bloc states. [485] Russia has one of the world's most female-biased sex ratios, with 0.859 males to every female,[7] due to its high male mortality rate. [634] Russia was the host nation for the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup,[635] and the 2018 FIFA World Cup. See also Russian language in Israel. The Russian perspective. [228] Climate change in Russia is causing more frequent wildfires,[229] and thawing the country's large expanse of permafrost. [457][458] The amendments of 2020 to the constitution added, in the Article 67, the continuity of the Russian state in history based on preserving "the memory of the ancestors" and general "ideals and belief in God" which the ancestors conveyed. [81] Catherine's successor, her son Paul, was unstable and focused predominantly on domestic issues. Available for over a year. [310] It was the lowest rated European country in Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index for 2021, ranking 136th out of 180 countries. Primary and secondary education by Russian is almost non-existent. Russian emergency services told the state-run news agency Interfax that the sergeant accidentally detonated a hand grenade which caused ammunition to blow up and started a fire. [129]:7, Eventually, some 5 million Red Army troops were captured by the Nazis;[130]:272 the latter deliberately starved to death or otherwise killed 3.3million Soviet POWs, and a vast number of civilians, as the "Hunger Plan" sought to fulfill Generalplan Ost. Russia's national symbol, the double-headed eagle, dates back to the Tsardom period, and is featured in its coat of arms and heraldry. 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